Total RNA from human PBMCs were converted to cDNA (High Capacity RT kit, Life Technologies) and preamplified by limited PCR (PreAmp Master Mix, Life Technologies) with a pool of 96 primers (DeltaGene, Fluidigm). We looked at 38 ISGs in this pool of 96 primers53 (link)-56 (link). Preamplified cDNAs were treated with ExonucleaseI (New England Biolabs) and diluted to remove unused primers and dNTPs and loaded onto a 96.96 Dynamic Array IFC for real-time PCR analysis on a BioMarkHD (Fluidigm). Analysis was performed, using Fluidigm’s Real Time PCR Analysis Software to determine Ct values, using linear (derivative) baseline correction and auto-detected, assay-specific threshold determination. Ct values were standardized to 3 housekeeping genes (DOCK2, EEF1A1, and FAM105B) that showed high correlation across samples to correct for sample input differences57 . Four samples from same donor and same draw were run on both Fluidigm assays. The mean of the Ct values were used for analysis. Human sample size was based on availability of IFIH1NR/NR and IFIH1R/R subjects.