Hitachi 7180 auto-analyzers were used to analyze serum total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterols, triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and ketone body concentrations at Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd. (Shiga, Japan). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure serum insulin (mouse insulin ELISA kit, Shibayagi Co., Ltd., Gunma, Japan) and sIgA concentrations (ELISA Kit for Secretory Immunoglobulin A, Cloud-Clone Corp., Katy, TX, USA). Hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride levels were analyzed according to a previous report [20 (link),25 (link)].
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