The SD chip was fabricated as described previously.27 (link) An oil mixture composed of 0.04% Abil WE 09, 91% Tegosoft DEC, and 9% light mineral oil was prepared and pipetted into the inlet and outlet of the chip. A vacuum was used to load the oil onto the chip, displacing air from the channel and chamber array. The NASBA reaction mixture was added to the inlet, and flowed into the channel and chambers under vacuum. An additional oil mixture was then added to isolate the aqueous sample in compartmentalized volumes, digitizing the sample. For digitization tests, 2 μM calcein was added to the NASBA buffer to generate a fluorescent signal. Fluorescent photographs were acquired with an Olympus MVX10 stereoscope (Olympus Corporation, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan).