Microbial colony smears or liquid samples were applied to a target location on a stainless steel MALDI plate. The target plate was incubated in a 70% citric acid buffer in a humidified chamber for 30 minutes at 110ºC. The MALDI plate was washed with deionized water from a squeeze bottle, allowed to air dry, then 1 μL of Norharmane matrix solution was applied (10 mg/mL in 12:6:1, v/v/v chloroform/methanol/water) to each target location (36 (link)). Following the method of Leung et al. (52 (link)), spectra were acquired from target locations in negative ion mode using a Microflex LRF MALDI-TOF MS (Bruker, Billerica MA) in reflectron mode with a limited mass range of 1,000 – 2,400 m/z. Typically, 300 laser shots were summed to acquire each mass spectrum.