Methodology for developing the multispecies biofilm was similar to that previously reported from our research group [14 (link), 23 (link)]. Briefly, reference strains of P. gingivalis ATCC 33277, Streptococcus oralis CECT 907T, Actinomyces naeslundii ATCC 19039, Veillonella parvula NCTC 11810, Fusobacterium nucleatum DMSZ 20482 and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans DSMZ 8324 were used. Each bacterial strain was grown on blood agar plates (blood agar Oxoid no. 2; Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK), supplemented with 5% (v/v) sterile horse blood (Oxoid), 5.0 mg/L hemin (Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA) and 1.0 mg/L menadione (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) under anaerobic conditions (10% H2, 10% CO2 and 80% N2) at 37°C for 24–72 h.
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