ERK1/2 activation was evaluated using Western blotting. The procedure was carried out in the same manner as described in our earlier work [52 (link)]. Briefly, cultured cells in the 6-well plates were lysed in RIPA buffer (Sigma, Ronkonkoma, NY, USA) containing cocktails of protease and phosphatase inhibitors (Sigma, Ronkonkoma, NY, USA). The protein concentration was measured using DC Protein Assay Kit (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Luminescence was detected by means of ChemiDoc XRS+ system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA), and the luminescence intensity was calculated with Image Lab 3.0 software (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA).
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