Total intracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was measured to detect the cell injury using an LDH measuring kit (C0017, Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China). Cells were seeded in 96-well plates at a concentration of 5 × 103 cells/well, and the medium was replaced with DMEM without FBS, followed by treatment with or without 700 μM oxalate [20 (link)] for 12 h. Then the supernatants were collected and measured according to the instructions to determine the LDH release activity, which was presented as the fold increase over the control group levels.
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