Borax impact on HepG2 and HL-7702 cell proliferation

To assess the impact of borax on the proliferation of HepG2 and HL‐7702 cells (1 × 10⁵), seeded in 12‐well plates, we employed a commercially available 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) kit (2750; Sigma‐Aldrich). HepG2 and HL‐7702 cells were treated with borax concentrations determined according to MTT results for 24 h. The proliferation rate of cells was then analysed colorimetrically based on BrdU incorporation assay, which detects DNA synthesis during cellular replication, following the manufacturer's instructions. Absorbance values were analysed at 450 nm using a microplate reader (BioTek).