Four gel bait products were screened against the JWax-S, I-IN, D-IL, and B-MD strains, as seen in AI-DC assays. Tested gel baits included Maxforce (fipronil), Vendetta (abamectin), Optigard (emamectin benzoate), and Advion (indoxacarb) (Supp Table S2 [online only]). Procedures described previously in other studies were used with minor modifications (Wang et al. 2004 (link), Gondhalekar et al. 2011 (link), Fardisi et al. 2017 (link)). Plastic containers were used (17.8 by 17.8 by 6 cm/0.739 L; Glad boxes Clorox Co., Oakland, CA). The bioassays were conducted in a no-choice format in which no competing food was provided. Polystyrene weighing dishes (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA) were filled with 0.5-g gel bait and a water cup, and cardboard shelters were provided in each container. For controls, the gel bait was replaced with a 0.5-g piece of rodent diet. Adult males were starved for one day before assaying. To prevent the cockroaches from escaping, the container walls were lightly greased with petroleum jelly and mineral oil (2:3), and containers were closed tightly with lids containing a central meshed opening (3-cm diameter). Ten replications for each strain–treatment combination were conducted. Mortality was checked every 24 h until 100% mortality was achieved in all strains. All assay boxes were kept 72 h after 100% mortality was achieved to ensure no recovery occurred.