The primary outcomes of this analysis included pregnancy, pregnancy loss, and live birth. Outcome assessments have been previously described in detail.12 (link),13 (link) Briefly, pregnancies were determined by positive urine pregnancy tests (Quidel Quickvue, Quidel Corporation), conducted each time participants reported missing menses. Urine human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) testing was performed on daily first-morning urine samples collected on the last 10 days of each woman’s first and second cycles of study participation and on spot urine samples collected at all end-of-cycle visits. Pregnancies were confirmed by ultrasound at 6–7 weeks gestation. Pregnancy loss was defined as an hCG-detected pregnancy that did not last until clinical confirmation, or by detection of a loss by the study participant or her primary care provider after clinical confirmation.13 (link) Live birth was defined as delivering a live infant.