Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and total oxidative activity were analyzed using the mitochondrial fluorescent probe MitoSox (M36008; Thermo Fisher, USA) and a fluorescent intracellular reactive oxygen species kit (S0033; Beyotime Biotech, China), respectively, according to a previously reported methodology [24 (link)]. Images were acquired using a confocal laser-scanning microscope (FV 1000; Olympus, Japan).
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