Chemotaxis assays were performed using a transwell chamber (Costar) as previously described (24 (link)). The numbers of cells that migrated to the lower well after 2 h or 3 h incubation were counted using a MACSQuant flow cytometer (Miltenyi Biotec). The percent migration was calculated by the numbers of cells of a given subset that migrated into the bottom chamber divided by the total number of cells of that subset in the starting cell suspension, and multiplying the results by 100. D-erythro-sphingosine 1-phosphate was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids. CCL19 and CXCL12 were purchased (R&D Systems). Fatty acid free bovine serum albumin (FAF-BSA) was purchased (Sigma-Aldrich).