Tissue samples were processed for Western blotting using our standard method, as described.7 Briefly, tissue samples (brain cortex, spinal cord, and kidney) were dissected on ice and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen as quickly as possible to prevent deconjugation of SUMOylated and ubiquitinated proteins. Tissue samples were homogenized by sonication using lysis buffer supplemented with 2% SDS. Quantification of signal intensities was performed using ImageJ (NIH, Bethesda, MD). The primary antibodies are listed in TableĀ 2.