Chondrogenic differentiation was performed as we recently reported (10 (link)). Briefly, ND-ASCs and T2DM-ASCs were seeded at a density of 2×104 cells/cm2 at 37℃, 5% CO2. When cells reached 80% confluent, the supernatant was discarded and changed into chondrogenic differentiation medium (StemCells). The medium was subsequently changed twice a week. After 28 days, chondrogenic differentiation was assessed by Alcian Blue staining (Abcam). The phase contrast image was photographed with Nikon ElipseTi-U microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).