Untargeted lipidomics was performed at the Harvard Center for Mass Spectrometry following a published protocol (Zhang et al., 2019 (link)). Data were acquired in MS/DD–MS2 (top5) mode on a Q Exactive Plus quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific) online with an Ultimate 3000 HPLC (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Positive and negative ionization modes were acquired separately. Raw files (.raw) were converted into .mzXML via msconvert (Chambers et al., 2012 (link)) and analyzed in R using the XCMS package (Smith et al., 2006 (link)). The identified lipid species were verified manually in using Xcalibur (Thermo Fisher Scientific), taking into account MS1 and MS2 data.
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