Kupffer cells were isolated 24 hour after injury as described by Kuriakose et al. (18 (link)) with minor modifications. Rinsed liver tissue was incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes in collagenase IV (5000 CDU/mL), run through a gentleMACS Dissociator (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, CA), and passed through a sterile 100 um strainer into phosphate-buffered saline (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, CA) containing 0.5% bovine serum albumin. The hepatocytes were removed by centrifugation at 20xg for 4 minutes, and the residual cell suspension was centrifuged twice at 300xg for 10 minutes at 4°C with the cell pellet washed with Red Blood Cell Lysis Solution between centrifugations. CD11b+ cells were enriched by positive selection using AUTOMACS (Miltenyi Biotec Auburn, CA). Enriched liver CD11b+ cells isolated by this method have been shown to be greater than 96% positive for F4/80 expression as assessed by flow cytometry (18 (link)).