The adipose tissue stromal-vascular fraction was obtained as described previously (3 (link)) and resuspended in PBS supplemented with 2% FCS. Surface markers were stained with saturating amounts of the following fluorescent-labeled monoclonal antibodies (BioLegend) for flow cytometry: CD11c (clone N418), CD11b (clone M1/70), F4/80 (clone CI:A3–1), CD206 (clone C068C2), and CD45 (BD Horizon clone 30-F11). For intracellular cytokine staining, cells were stimulated in vitro for 5 h at 37°C in 5% CO2 with a leukocyte activation cocktail (BD Biosciences) and stained with anti–tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antibody (clone MP6-XT22; BioLegend) as described previously (3 (link)). Cells were acquired on a specially ordered five-laser LSR II Flow Cytometer (BD Biosciences) at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Flow Cytometry Core and analyzed with FlowJo software (Tree Star).