Mesoscale imaging (MVX-10 epifluorescence microscope; Olympus, Tokyo Japan) was performed to visualize stimulation-induced activity on a large spatial scale (3.7 × 3 mm) [24 (link), 29 , 36 (link)]. Time series images were captured at 20 frames per second (fps) using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera (Retiga, R1 18 imaging). A two-photon microscope (Bruker, Madison, WI) equipped with an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) laser (Insight DS+, Spectra Physics, Menlo Park, CA) at 920 nm and a 16 × 0.8 numerical aperture (NA) water immersion objective (Nikon, Melville, NY) was employed to answer questions related to the different temporal calcium dynamics with cellular resolution (407 × 407 μm, 0.8 μm pixel−1; 30 fps).