Total RNA was extracted using TRI Reagent® (Sigma-Aldrich). Three μg of RNA was used for retro-transcription with M-MLV (Promega, Madison, WI). qPCR was performed in triplicates by using validated qPCR primers (BLAST), Ex TAq qPCR Premix, and the Real-Time PCR LightCycler II (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN) as previously described40 (link). mRNA levels were normalized to actin mRNA, and the relative mRNA levels were determined by using the 2−ΔΔCt method.
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