PC12 cells with indicated treatment and transfections were seeded in a 96-well plate for 48 hours. MTT solution (Dojindo, Tokyo, Japan) was added into each well and incubated for 4 hours. Absorbance at 570 nm was measured by Thermo Multiskan MK3 (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc, Waltham, MA, USA) followed by incubation with dimethyl sulfoxide. For cell apoptosis, PC12 was harvested, and suspended in binding buffer of ApoDETECT Annexin V-FITC Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc). The apoptotic cells were analyzed by FACS flow cytometer (Attune, Life Technologies, Darmstadt, Germany) followed by staining with Annexin V-FITC and PI (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc) according to previous study [15 (link)].