We included three measures of abdominal adiposity: waist circumference; VAT; and SAT measured in the abdominal area. Waist circumference (inches) is considered the most reliable surrogate of visceral adiposity (36 (link)) and was measured by a trained professional applying an anthropometric tape at the level of the umbilicus, recording the reading at mid-inspiration with the participant breathing normally and rounding to the nearest 0.25 inches.(37 (link)) VAT (cm3) and SAT (cm3) volumes were calculated from CT scans of the abdomen as previously published.(38 (link)) Twenty-five consecutive 5 mm-thick slices using an 8-slice multidetector CT scanner (LightSpeed Ultra; General Electric, Milwaukee, WI) were obtained with participants lying in a supine position. A three-dimensional (3D) workstation tool (Aquarius 3D Workstation; TeraRecon Inc, San Mateo, CA) was used to evaluate CT slices for abdominal adipose tissue quantity and density. Trained technicians outlined the abdominal muscular wall manually, identifying a designated region of interest. Using a radiographic pixel threshold between −195 and −45 HU with center attenuation of −120 HU, SAT and VAT regions were automatically identified. Mean SAT and VAT volumes in cm3 were recorded as was attenuation in HU.