WT C57BL/6J (stock no. 000664) mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratories and maintained at Washington University School of Medicine under specific-pathogen-free conditions according to University guidelines. Rag2−/−Il2rg−/− mice were generated at Washington University School of Medicine by crossing of Il2rg−/− (B6.129S4-Il2rgtm1Wjl/J, catalogue no. 003174) mice from Jackson Laboratories with Rag2−/− (B6.129S6-Rag2tm1FwaN12, catalogue no. RAGN12) mice from Taconic. Rag2−/−Il2rg−/−Ifnlr1−/− mice were generated as previously described9 (link). Rag2−/−Il2rg−/− mice from Taconic were used directly for experiments on arrival at Washington University facilities. Math1f/f mice were crossed to transgenic mice bearing a tamoxifen-dependent Cre recombinase expressed under the control of the Villin promoter (Vil-Cre-ERT2)30 (link) to generate Math1f/f-Vil-Cre-ERT2 mice as previously described21 (link). Germ-free Swiss Webster mice were purchased from Taconic Biosciences and maintained in sterile, flexible-film plastic gnotobiotic isolators at the Washington University School of Medicine Gnotobiotic Facility. Equal ratios of adult male and female mice, aged 6 to 12 weeks, were used in all experiments for all strains. Experimental mice were co-housed with up to five mice of the same sex per cage with autoclaved standard chow pellets and water provided ad libitum.