Levels of human Interleukin 8 (IL8, Cat # ab46032 Abcam), Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9, Cat # DMP900 R&D Systems Inc.), Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 (SERPINA1, Cat # EA-0207 Signosis Inc.), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGFA, Cat # 100663 Abcam), Angiogenin (ANG, Cat # CK400 CellSciences), Carbonic Anhydrase 9 (CA9, Cat # DCA900 R&D Systems Inc.), Matrix Metalloproteinase 10 (MMP10, Cat # DMP1000 R&D Systems Inc.), human Apolipoprotein E (APOE, Cat # KA 1031 Abnova), human Syndecan (SDC1, Cat # ab46507 Abcam) and human A1AT (SERPINE1, Cat # ab108799, Abcam) were monitored in urine samples using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) as listed above. Frozen supernatants were thawed and the ELISA’s were conducted according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Calibration curves were prepared using purified standards for each protein assessed. Curve fitting was accomplished by either linear or four-parameter logistic regression following the manufacturer’s instructions. Due to the unavoidable variability of voided urine with respect to total volume and time within the bladder, biomarkers were normalized to urinary creatinine and to urinary protein for comparison [24 (link)]. Laboratory personnel were blinded to final diagnosis.