DNA methylation profiling was previously accomplished using the Illumina GoldenGate Cancer Panel I methylation bead array [39 (link)]. Sodium bisulfite modification of FFPE breast tumor DNA was performed using the EZ DNA Methylation Gold kit according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Bisulfite-converted tumor DNA was analyzed for methylation using the Cancer Panel I array in the Mammalian Genotyping Core facility at UNC. The Cancer Panel I array measures methylation at CpG sites in the promoter (P) or first exon (E) of cancer-related genes, including tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, DNA repair genes, and others. Array probe names are comprised of the gene symbol followed by the position of the CpG in the P or E upstream from the transcription start site. The methylation level at each CpG site is represented by the beta (β) value, which ranged from 0 (completely unmethylated) to 1.0 (fully methylated). Probes reported to overlap a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) or repeat [41 (link)] were excluded. After quality control filtering as described previously [39 (link)], methylation analysis was completed on 517 breast tumors and included 933 CpG loci in 609 genes.