pEVs were processed for RNA isolation using the “Maxwell RSC miRNA plasma and serum kit” (Cat# AS1680; Promega). Three synthetic spike-ins (Ath-miR-159a, Cel-miR-254, osa-miR-414) were added to samples after lysis to assess RNA isolation efficiency. Isolated RNA was subjected to quality control for hemolysis detection using the ratio of miR-23a to miR-451 [26 (link)–28 (link)]. Two microliters of RNA were reverse transcribed to complementary DNA (cDNA) using the TaqMan Advanced MicroRNA cDNA synthesis Kit (Cat# A28007; ThermoFisher Scientific, Rockford, USA) according to the manufacturer's protocol.
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