Cognitive Frailty and Disability Outcomes

The primary outcomes were ADL, IADL, and mobility disabilities. Other outcomes include the combination of disabilities and physical function limitations. Data were synthesized narratively and summarized using a Harvest plot (29 (link),30 (link)) due to the small number of studies, heterogeneous outcome measurement, and cognitive frailty definition. Findings were reported based on fully adjusted statistical measures with a 95% confidence interval (CI). In the reporting of results, participants were categorized into 4 groups defined previously: (a) robust (absence of frailty and cognitive impairment), (b) prefrailty with cognitive impairment, (c) cognitive frailty (physical frailty and cognitive impairment), and (d) combined cognitive frailty (only for studies which grouped both frail and prefrail participants with cognitive impairment). Comparison between groups was made by using the robust group as the reference.