As a reference standard for the quantitative determination of CAA and CCA, a TCA-soluble fraction of S. mansoni adult worm antigen, AWA-TCA (Deelder et al. 1980 (link)), was used in a similar manner as described by Polman et al. (2000) (link). Soluble egg antigen (SEA) was prepared following similar protocols as for AWA, using S. mansoni eggs recovered from the livers of infected hamsters. Soluble crude cercarial antigen preparation (SCAP) was prepared from freshly shed cercariae, collected after precipitation under gravity in ice-cooled water, and subsequently treated similarly to SEA or AWA.