A total of 2470 participants were recruited, including 1151 cognitively normal controls (NC), 898 patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and 421 patients with mild Alzheimer disease (AD).
We recruited the controls using cluster sampling in Jingansi Community Shanghai, China. The inclusion criteria for NC were: age between 50 and 90; no memory complaints verified by an informant; cognitively normal, based on the absence of significant impairment in cognitive functions or activities of daily living (ADL); Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) = 0; and Hamilton depression rating scale (HAMD) scored ≤ 12 on the 17-item scale in past 2 weeks. They had adequate visual and auditory acuity to allow cognitive testing. Participants with any significant neurologic disease and psychiatric disorders/psychotic features were excluded.
All the patients with aMCI and AD were recruited from the Memory Clinic, Huashan Hospital, from Jun 2004 to Oct 2011.They finished the laboratory tests and cranial CT/MRI scan, and had no clinically significant abnormalities in vitamin B12, folic acid, thyroid function (free triiodothyronine-FT3, free tetraiodothyronine-FT4, thyroid stimulating hormone-TSH), rapid plasma regain (RPR), or treponema pallidum particle agglutination (TPPA).
The aMCI patients were diagnosed according to the following criteria19]: (1) cognitive complaints verified by an informant; (2) cognitive impairment lasting more than 3 months; (3) Mini-mental state examination-Chinese version (C-MMSE)[25] (link) ≥ cut-off score for adjusted education; (4) Abnormal objective memory impairment documented by scoring below the age and education adjusted cutoff on an episodic memory test (Auditory Verbal Learning Test); (5) preserved basic ADL/minimal impairment in complex instrumental functions; (6) etiology unknown; (7) normal sense of hearing and sight; (8) has not met diagnostic criteria of dementia based on the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA).
The AD patients (n = 421) met the following criteria: (1) diagnosed as probable AD according to the NINCDS-ADRDA; (2) no obvious medical, neurological or psychiatric diseases or psychological dysfunction including anxiety and depression within the previous one month; (3) no visual or auditory deficit.
We recruited the controls using cluster sampling in Jingansi Community Shanghai, China. The inclusion criteria for NC were: age between 50 and 90; no memory complaints verified by an informant; cognitively normal, based on the absence of significant impairment in cognitive functions or activities of daily living (ADL); Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) = 0; and Hamilton depression rating scale (HAMD) scored ≤ 12 on the 17-item scale in past 2 weeks. They had adequate visual and auditory acuity to allow cognitive testing. Participants with any significant neurologic disease and psychiatric disorders/psychotic features were excluded.
All the patients with aMCI and AD were recruited from the Memory Clinic, Huashan Hospital, from Jun 2004 to Oct 2011.They finished the laboratory tests and cranial CT/MRI scan, and had no clinically significant abnormalities in vitamin B12, folic acid, thyroid function (free triiodothyronine-FT3, free tetraiodothyronine-FT4, thyroid stimulating hormone-TSH), rapid plasma regain (RPR), or treponema pallidum particle agglutination (TPPA).
The aMCI patients were diagnosed according to the following criteria19]: (1) cognitive complaints verified by an informant; (2) cognitive impairment lasting more than 3 months; (3) Mini-mental state examination-Chinese version (C-MMSE)[25] (link) ≥ cut-off score for adjusted education; (4) Abnormal objective memory impairment documented by scoring below the age and education adjusted cutoff on an episodic memory test (Auditory Verbal Learning Test); (5) preserved basic ADL/minimal impairment in complex instrumental functions; (6) etiology unknown; (7) normal sense of hearing and sight; (8) has not met diagnostic criteria of dementia based on the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA).
The AD patients (n = 421) met the following criteria: (1) diagnosed as probable AD according to the NINCDS-ADRDA; (2) no obvious medical, neurological or psychiatric diseases or psychological dysfunction including anxiety and depression within the previous one month; (3) no visual or auditory deficit.
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