The zeta potential was measured using a special measuring cell for ceramic membranes within an electrokinetic analyzer (SurPASSTM3, Anton Paar GmbH, Graz, Austria). The membranes were wetted with a 0.001 M KCl solution, which was also used as a background electrolyte. 0.1 M NaOH was used as the titration liquid for the determination of the zeta potential on the pH dependence in the range from pH = 3 to pH = 9. The zeta potential was calculated from the measured streaming flow using the Helmholtz–Smoluchowski equation, as in our previous work [15 (link)].
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