Hydrodynamic diameter (HD) and zeta potential measurements of all sulfated derivatives of HA NPs were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) using ZetaSizer NanoZS90 (Malvern Instruments; Malvern UK). NPs samples were prepared by dissolving samples in ultrapure water (lmg/mL) and filtered through 0.45 pm syringe filter. Absorbance spectra of the NPs were recorded with UV-2600 spectrometer (ThermoFisher Evolution 220) in water and 1:1 (v/v) mixture of DMS0:H20. Fluorescence reads were obtained on a FluoroMax-4 fluorescence spectrometer equipped with a NIR extended range PMT (Horiba Jobin Yvon; Edison, NJ, USA). Conjugation ratio of Cy7.5 dye to HA was determined using standard curve developed for Cy7.5 dye in 1:1 (v/v) DMS0:H20. Conjugation of the hydrophobic ligand was confirmed by 1H-NMR for all the derivatives of sulfated HA-PBA. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images were obtained for NPs (1 mg/mL concentration), placed on formavar/silicone monoxide-coated 200 mesh copper grids using NanoVan negative stain for 33 (link)–34 (link) s and imaged using the FEI Tecnai G2 Spirit TEM (FEI; Hillsboro, Oregon) at UNMC's electron microscopy core facility.