Total serum IgE level was determined using the Immulite XPI, solidphase chemiluminescence assay (Siemens Medical Solutions, Malvern, PA, USA). IgE levels to pork and beef were measured using a fluoroenzyme immunoassay (Phadia Immuno CAP; courtesy of Platts-Mills laboratory Charlottesville, VA, USA).3 (link) To measure specific IgE, for galactose alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal) we used an assay which employs a monoclonal antibody to cetuximab with a correlation of 0.95 to the commercially available assay in Europe which uses an antibody to beef thyroglobulin.16 (link) Values greater than 0.35 IU/mL were considered positive in both assays. sTryp levels were determined using a commercial fluoro-enzyme immunoassay (Phadia Immuno CAP, Uppsala, Sweden) at CLIA-approved laboratories, and levels above 11.4 ng/mL were considered elevated.