The roughness of the scaffolds surface was evaluated using an AFM (TAP150A) in the tapping mode (spring constant 2.919 n/m) as described previously (n=3).11 (link),12 (link) In brief, the root mean square roughness was calculated from the 5 µm scan of three areas using the NanoScope® analysis software version 1.40 (Bruker Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA). The PeakForce quantitative nanomechanical mapping was used to obtain an FV modulus using the modified Hertzian model.
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