Cardiovascular Risk Factor Measurements

Sitting BP was measured three times using a random-zero sphygmomanometer after five minutes rest.11 The mean of the last two measurements was used for analysis. Use of antihypertensive medications within the past two weeks of baseline interview was self-reported.12 Fasting plasma total cholesterol was measured by enzymatic methods.13 (link) Serum glucose was measured by a hexokinase/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase method. Smoking status (current, former, or never smokers) was derived from interviews. Body mass index (BMI, kg/m²) was computed from weight in a scrub suit and standing height. Pre-existing heart failure at baseline was defined as: (1) an affirmative response to “Were any of the medications you took during the last 2 weeks for heart failure?” or (2) Stage 3 or “manifest heart failure” by Gothenburg criteria.14 (link),15 (link) Pre-existing coronary heart disease (CHD) at baseline was defined by self-reported prior physician diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI) or coronary revascularization, or by prevalent MI by 12 lead electrocardiogram.16 Pre-existing stroke was defined by any self-reported prior physician diagnosis of stroke.