P. falciparum cultures were prepared as described previously (21 (link), 29 (link)). Erythrocytes were then lysed with 0.0125% saponin (Sigma, sapogenin content ≥ 10%) in cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with an EDTA-free protease inhibitor mixture (Roche or Pierce). The released P. falciparum parasites were then washed in cold PBS with EDTA-free protease inhibitor mixture. The washed cell pellets were flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C.