The level of ATX in AH was determined using a two-site immunoenzymetric assay with an ATX assay reagent by means of a Tosoh AIA system (Tosoh, Tokyo, Japan), as described previously [11 (link), 12 (link), 18 (link)]. TGF-β levels in AH were measured using the Bio-Plex Pro TGF-β Assay (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA), in accordance with the manufacturer’s protocol. LysoPLD activity in the culture medium was determined as previously described [11 (link), 12 (link), 18 (link)].
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