Cardiovascular phenotyping using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) will be performed in all healthy volunteers (3 T Ingenia, Philips or 1.5 T MAGNETOM Aera, Siemens). Conventional balanced steady-state free precession cine images of the vertical and horizontal long-axis planes and the sagittal LV outflow tract view will be acquired. Short-axis cines will be obtained from the mitral valve annulus to the apex (8 mm slices with 2 mm gap). In addition, a single breath hold 3D LV short axis stack will also be acquired in the same orientation. Aortic flow will be assessed using velocity-coded phase contrast imaging. Cardiac volumes, left ventricular mass, atrial sizes and aortic root will be measured in all patients using the CMR 42 software (Circle Cardiovascular Imaging). Normal CMR reference ranges in the Asian population were recently published using standardized protocols in our Image Analysis Laboratory [16 (link)].
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