We used a common variant, rs9939609 (A/T) repeatedly identified in many BMI GWAS in EA and AA 27 (link)–29 (link). Given the lack of association of the rs9939609 SNP in some studies of AA 30 (link), we also considered other SNPs identified in fine-mapping efforts in AA: rs1421085, rs56137030, rs17817964, and rs8050136 31 (link),32 (link). Genotyping was originally performed using the Affymetrix 500 SNP Array in FHS, and the Affymetrix 6.0 SNP Array in WHI (Affymetrix Inc, Santa Clara, CA). In WHI the DNA was extracted from blood samples collected at enrollment, and genotyping QC included concordance rates for blinded and unblended duplicates 33 (link). In order to test multiple FTO SNPs in WHI, we used imputed genotypes which were available in dbGaP. Briefly, genotypes were imputed using BEAGLE software 34 (link), and 1,000 Genomes data 35 (link) as reference. Individuals with missing values of FTO genotypes were excluded from all analyses.