DR-ESCs were assessed for protein markers using immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy. Cultures were fixed for 15 minutes at room temperature in 4% PFA, and immunostained as previously described37 (link),38 (link). Primary antibodies (Abs) used were: rat anti-mouse/human Oct3/4 at 1:200, rat anti-mouse platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1)/CD31 (BD Biosciences) at 1:1000, rabbit anti-mouse NG2 (Millipore) at 1:200, and rabbit polyclonal anti-phospho-Histone H3 (PH3, ser10, Millipore) at 1:500, rat anti-mouse PDGFRβ at 1:400, rabbit anti-mouse Desmin at 1:500, mouse anti-mouse A2B5 at 1:100. Secondary antibodies used were donkey anti-rat AlexaFluor647 (IgG; H+L) at ½ the primary Ab dilution factor (Invitrogen), and donkey anti-rabbit AlexaFluor647 (IgG; H+L) at ½ the primary Ab dilution. Incubation with DAPI for 30 min followed all staining. ESC cultures were imaged on a Zeiss LSM880 confocal microscope.