The details are described in previous report [32 (link)]. For Western blotting, the used antibodies were as following: p21 (OP79; Oncogene Science), p-ATM (Ser1981) (sc-47739; Santa Cruz, CA, USA), p53 (sc-98, Santa Cruz), cleaved caspase-3 (#9661; Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA, USA), phospho-Chk2 (Thr68) (#2197; Cell Signaling), Chk2 (#05-649; EMD Millipore, Temecula, CA, USA). LC3A/B (#12741; Cell Signaling), Chk1 (#2345; Cell Signaling), phospho-Chk1 (Ser345) (#2348; Cell Signaling), phospho-Histone H2A.X (Ser139) (#9718; Cell Signaling), ATM (GTX70103; GeneTex, Irvine, CA, USA), GAPDH (#2118, Cell Signaling), PARP (#9542; Cell Signaling), phospho-p53 (Ser15) (#9284; Cell Signaling). phospho-ATR (Ser428) (#2853; Cell Signaling). PAI-1 (#612024; BD Transduction Laboratories, Lexington, KY, USA).
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