H&E and Masson’s trichrome stains were used to determine cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area and myocardial fibrosis. Immunostaining for malondialdehyde(MDA)-adducted proteins was performed using anti-MDA antibody (Academy Bio-Med) as previously described [13 (link)]. Activated macrophages were detected by rat anti-mouse MOMA-2 monoclonal antibody (Chemicon). Immunoreactivity was quantitated from at least 20 random fields by light microscopy. Apoptosis was assessed by terminal deoxytransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) using an APO-BrdU TUNEL Assay (Invitrogen). Sections were also co-stained with DAPI (Invitrogen) to identify nuclei, and mouse anti-α-actinin conjugated with TRITC (abcam) to identify myocytes. Images were recorded using a Zeiss SM510 inverted confocal scanning laser microscope.