Study participants were advised to fast with an effect from 10 p.m. Participants completed a structured interview to obtain demographic and clinical data, including height, waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure. Fasting blood samples were collected before 10:00 a.m. and were allowed to clot at room temperature for 30 min prior to centrifugation (3000 rpm for 10 min). Serum was immediately removed and distributed in aliquots. All samples were collected in the Outpatient Clinic of the Endocrinology Department of the Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, and were immediately transported to the Medical Laboratory Department where they were bar-coded and blinded to patient identification. We used the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) to determine the status of insulin resistance [22 (link)]. In non-diabetic men, 1.85 was considered as the cut-off value of insulin resistance [23 (link)]. Serum insulin levels were measured by immunoassay using an ADVIA Centaur autoanalyzer (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). Weight and body composition were obtained using the Tanita multi-frequency body composition analyzer MC-180MA (Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan).
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