Three hundred and forty-one participants were electronically tested using the Prolific Academic crowdsourcing platform. The sample size was chosen to yield an 80% chance of observing a medium effect of condition (d = .50) at an alpha of .05 (two-tailed) and was determined before data analysis. Requirements for participation included being 18 years of age or older, identifying as a man or woman, and being born and raised in the United States. No participants were excluded from analyses. The study duration was approximately 15 min, and participants were paid $1.50.
Participants were 146 men (42.8%) and 195 women (57.2%), 297 of whom were aged 18 to 44 (87.1%). Two hundred and forty-eight participants identified as White (72.7%), 23 as Black (6.7%), 17 as Latino/a (5.0%), 3 as Native American (0.9%), 16 as East Asian (4.7%), 10 as South Asian (2.9%), 2 as Middle Eastern (0.6%), 3 as another race or ethnicity (0.9%), and 19 as multiple categories (5.6%). Two hundred and fifty-nine participants described their sexual orientation as heterosexual (76.0%), 12 as gay (3.5%), 10 as Lesbian (2.9%), 49 as bisexual (14.4%), and 11 as “other” (3.2%). In terms of highest educational attainment, 59 participants reported having a postgraduate degree (17.3%), 142 an undergraduate degree (41.6%), 135 a high school diploma or equivalent (39.6%), and 5 as having not finished high school (1.5%).
Politically, the sample skewed left, with 173 participants describing themselves as Democrats (50.7%), 39 as Republicans (11.4%), 120 as Independents (35.2%), and 9 as “something else” (2.6%). Participants’ average level of political conservatism was 4.4 on a 1–11 scale (SD = 2.5), with 219 identifying as liberal (64.2%), 63 choosing the scale midpoint (18.5%), and 59 identifying as conservative (17.3%).
Participants were 146 men (42.8%) and 195 women (57.2%), 297 of whom were aged 18 to 44 (87.1%). Two hundred and forty-eight participants identified as White (72.7%), 23 as Black (6.7%), 17 as Latino/a (5.0%), 3 as Native American (0.9%), 16 as East Asian (4.7%), 10 as South Asian (2.9%), 2 as Middle Eastern (0.6%), 3 as another race or ethnicity (0.9%), and 19 as multiple categories (5.6%). Two hundred and fifty-nine participants described their sexual orientation as heterosexual (76.0%), 12 as gay (3.5%), 10 as Lesbian (2.9%), 49 as bisexual (14.4%), and 11 as “other” (3.2%). In terms of highest educational attainment, 59 participants reported having a postgraduate degree (17.3%), 142 an undergraduate degree (41.6%), 135 a high school diploma or equivalent (39.6%), and 5 as having not finished high school (1.5%).
Politically, the sample skewed left, with 173 participants describing themselves as Democrats (50.7%), 39 as Republicans (11.4%), 120 as Independents (35.2%), and 9 as “something else” (2.6%). Participants’ average level of political conservatism was 4.4 on a 1–11 scale (SD = 2.5), with 219 identifying as liberal (64.2%), 63 choosing the scale midpoint (18.5%), and 59 identifying as conservative (17.3%).
