Viral RNA was extracted from plasma samples obtained from MSM subjects with the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini-kit (Qiagen, UK). The Gag gene was amplified using the SuperScript Polymerase One-Step RT-PCR System (Takara, Dalian, China), followed by a second round of PCR with Gag-specific primers [36 (link)]. PCR products were gel purified with the QIAquick gel extraction kit (Qiagen, UK) and cloned with a TOPO TA cloning kit (Invitrogen, USA). The cloning PCR fragments were then sequenced with Sanger sequencing method using ABI 3730 DNA analyzer by Huada Genomics Company (China). A sequencer program was used to assemble and edit individual sequence fragments.
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