CSF samples were collected from participants. They were centrifuged immediately and the supernatant was stored at − 80 °C until testing. The concentration of cytokines in blood was determined by a magnetic bead-based multiplex panel (Luminex™; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA). In 14 patients, levels of the following cytokines in CSF were evaluated: TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A, interferon-gamma induced protein 10, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β, G-CSF, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor, soluble CD40 ligand, complement C3, complement factor H (CFH), fibroblast growth factor-2, platelet-derived growth factor-AA, growth-related oncogene, alpha 2-macroglobulin (α2M), apolipoprotein AI (Apo AI), apolipoprotein E (Apo E), amyloid beta 1–42, total tau, and phosphorylated tau. Cytokine concentrations were expressed in pg/mL and determined before and after lenalidomide therapy (refer to Additional file 1: Table S2 for explanation of abbreviations).
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