Formic acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, DMSO, acetone, ammonium acetate, copper (II) chloride were purchased from Avantor Performance Materials Poland S.A. (Gliwice, Poland). The Folin-Ciocalteu′s phenol reagent was from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), HPLC grade water, HPLC grade acetonitrile, and acetate buffer were from the JT Baker–Avantor Performance Materials B.V. (Deventer, The Netherlands), tannic acid from Roth GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany).
Physodic acid, the mixture of atranorin and chloroatranorin were isolated and identified in the Department of Pharmacognosy of Poznan University of Medical Sciences [26 (link)]. atranorin was purchased from ChromaDex (Los Angeles, CA, USA). All other chemicals were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany).
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