SF extract was obtained from Research Center for Anti-Aging Technology Development (Busan Technopark, Busan, Korea). Extraction method of SF was indicated by previous research.15 (link),21 (link),22 (link) SF was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide as a 20 mg/mL stock solution and diluted with medium prior to use. The following antibodies were purchased from the individual providers: mTOR (sc-136269), p-mTOR (#2971), 4E-BP1 (#9452), p-4E-BP1 (#2855), P70S6K (#2708), p-P70S6K (#9234), myosin heavy chain 3 (MYH3, sc-53091), MuRF1 (ab172479), p-FOXO1 (#9461), and GAPDH (MB001) antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling (Danvers, MA, USA), Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc. (Dallas, TX, USA), Bioworld (St Louis Park, MN, USA), and Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Secondary antibodies of antimouse (ADI-SAB-300-J) and antirabbit (ADI-SAB-100-J) were bought from Enzo Life Sciences (Farmingdale, NY, USA). Collagenase, dispase II, basic fibroblast growth factor, and DEX were bought from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St Louis, MO, USA).