A cold, 10% neutral buffered formalin solution (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was used for fixation of the left lungs. Lungs were inflated and immersed in the formalin solution prior to storage. Slides were then prepared by Histo-Scientific Research Laboratories (Mount Jackson, VA) and blindly reviewed and scored using a validated histology scoring system that has been previously described57 (link). Each slide received three scores from 1–4 based on the degree of cellular infiltration and tissue damage in the parenchymal, peribronchial, and perivascular regions.