Following steroid extraction using a combined liquid and solid-phase extraction protocol, samples were resuspended in 300 μl of EIA buffer (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI) and vortexed on low speed for 1 minute. Samples were assayed in triplicates using an E2 Enzyme Immunoassay kit (Cayman Chemical) previously validated for use with zebra finch brain tissue according to manufacturer's instructions (30 (link)–32 ). Prior to ether and solid-phase extraction, an additional sample was spiked with radioinert E2 to the concentration of 256 pg/mL, processed in an identical manner, and assayed in triplicates alongside the experimental samples in order to estimate recovery. To ensure a lack of interference from our tissue matrix and reliability of measurement, we ran two-fold dilutions and validated recovery of the corrected concentration compared to the identical undiluted sample.