Brain slices B- E were collected and flash frozen. Brain tissue was then homogenized and protein expression was measured as described previously [9 (link)]. Non-specific binding was blocked by incubating the membranes in 5% milk in TBST for 60 minutes prior to overnight incubation with primary antibody against VEGF-B, (1:1000, Abcam, Cambridge, MA), rabbit polyclonal VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR1) antibody (ab2350; abcam,1: 100, Cambridge, MA), anti-phospho-Flt (Tyr 1213) (07–758; Millipore; 1;750, Billerica, MA), VEGF-A and phosphor-VEGFR2 (1:200, Millipore, Billerica, MA). Beta-actin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was used as an endogenous loading control. Protein levels were analyzed densitometrically, using Image J software and were normalized to loading controls.