Germline-reverted variants of stem antibodies or VRC-01 were synthesised (GeneArt) and used to express receptor IgM on the surface of Expi293 cells as previously described (17 (link)). 24 hours after transfection, cells were stained with AQUA Live/Dead amine reactive dye (Invitrogen) and binding to HA was assessed using PE-conjugated HAdSA probes derived from A/New Caledonia/20/1999 (13 (link)). Immunoglobulin surface expression was confirmed by staining transfected cells with anti-huIgM Cy5.5PerCP (BD Biosciences). The ability of IGHV1-69 alleles to differentially bind the anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody G6 was confirmed by co-staining transfected cells with G6-Alexa Fluor 488 (Ax488).